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2	"The Reformation" The Reformation
3	"The Reformation" The Reformation For over 1000 years the church in Europe was unified in one church Roman Catholicism In the 1500’s, the unified church in the West was shattered
4	"In the course of a..." In the course of a few decades numerous new churches were formed These new churches were organized around national boundaries
5	"It’s common to think that..." It’s common to think that this happened suddenly But he conditions that led to the revolution called the Reformation had existed for hundreds of years
6	"It’s common to think that..." It’s common to think that the reasons were just religious But the forces that produced the Reformation had doctrinal, political, economic, and cultural elements
7	"For nearly two centuries there..." For nearly two centuries there had been repeated attempts to reform the Catholic church But these had been brutally and successfully suppressed, usually with the death of those who rebelled
8	"Noted Among These Leaders Were" Noted Among These Leaders Were John Wycliffe (1300’s) Like Luther he would translate the Bible into the common language John Huss (1400’s) Like Luther he would oppose indulgences
9	"Other," Other, Non-Religious Factors Contributed to the Reformation The Renaissance & Rationalism (New Thinking) Humanism & Individualism Emergence of the Nation State New Technology (the Printing Press)
10	"The Tsunami Called the Reformation..." The Tsunami Called the Reformation Came in Three waves . . . The First Was the European Reformation Martin Luther Ulrich Zwingli John Calvin John Knox Each of these was more radical than the last
11	"The Tsunami Called the Reformation..." The Tsunami Called the Reformation Would Come in Three waves . . . This First Wave Had Two Main Branches Lutheran (Evangelical - Luther) Presbyterian (Reformed – Zwingli, Calvin, Knox)
12	"The Second Wave Had Several..." The Second Wave Had Several Names It was called the Radical Reformation, the Anabaptists and the Free Churches This wave was led by people who felt that the first wave had not gone far enough
13	"They want to get rid..." They want to get rid of the last vestiges of ‘papism’ They terrified everyone And they paid the price
14	"From This Wave Would Come" From This Wave Would Come The Baptists, the Amish, the Quakers, the Mennonites, the Unitarians and others
15	"The Third Wave Was the..." The Third Wave Was the English Reformation This was started by Henry VIII In many ways it was less radical than either of the first two waves
16	"And the church it produced..." And the church it produced was half way in between the Catholic Church and the traditional Protestant churches It is from this English tradition that Methodism will come
17	"Someone had to be the..." Someone had to be the person who dropped the match that ignited the Reformation
18	"But it came from a..." But it came from a very unlikely place From a Roman Catholic a Franciscan Monk a University Professor Named Martin Luther
19	"The Protestant revolution was initiated..." The Protestant revolution was initiated in Germany by Luther in 1517 It was started by this university professor publishing his 95 theses
20	"Luther’s 95 Theses" Luther’s 95 Theses Out of love for the truth and the desire to bring it to light, the following propositions will be discussed at Wittenberg, under the presidency of the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Master of Arts and of Sacred Theology, and Lecturer in Ordinary on the same at that place.
21	"Wherefore he requests that those..." Wherefore he requests that those who are unable to be present and debate orally with us, may do so by letter. In the Name our Lord Jesus Christ. Amen.
22	"1." 1. Our Lord and Master Jesus Christ, when He said repent, willed that the whole life of believers should be repentance. 2. This word cannot be understood to mean sacramental penance, i.e., confession and satisfaction, which is administered by the priests . . .
23	"5." 5. The pope does not intend to remit, and cannot remit any penalties other than those which he has imposed either by his own authority or by that of the Canons. 6. The pope cannot remit any guilt, except by declaring that it has been remitted by God and by assenting to God's remission;
24	"Luther was inviting an academic..." Luther was inviting an academic discussion of many issues facing the church Including the practice of indulgences What he got was a firestorm
25	"Papal authorities ordered Luther to..." Papal authorities ordered Luther to retract and submit to church authority He refused
26	"Instead he attacked the whole..." Instead he attacked the whole sacramental system, and urging that religion be rested on The grace of God Individual faith The authority of the scriptures And the priesthood of all believers
27	"In 1520 the Pope Threatened..." In 1520 the Pope Threatened Luther with Excommunication But Luther publicly burned the papal decree of excommunication This act of defiance symbolized a break with the entire system of the Western church
28	"In 1521 the Holy Roman..." In 1521 the Holy Roman Emperor Summons Luther to the Diet of Worms In an attempt to stem the tide of revolt, the Holy Roman emperor, the German princes and leaders of the church assembled in and ordered Luther to recant
29	"Luther's books were placed on..." Luther's books were placed on a table. He was then asked if they were his works and whether he wanted to recant any of the information.
30	"Luther requested time to think..." Luther requested time to think over his reply The next day he answered with the now famous speech:
31	""Unless I am convicted..." "Unless I am convicted by scripture and plain reason - I do not accept the authority of the popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other. My conscience is captive to the Word of God.
32	"I cannot and I will..." I cannot and I will not recant anything for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. Later tradition adds that Luther said: "Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise. God help me, Amen!
33	"Other German princes protected him" Other German princes protected him For almost a year he remained in hiding, writing pamphlets expounding his principles and translating the New Testament into German
34	"His writings were prohibited by..." His writings were prohibited by imperial edict But they were also openly sold and were powerful instruments in turning the great German cities into centers of Lutheranism
35	"Two Things Made a Difference..." Two Things Made a Difference in Luther’s Revolt His support by some of the princes in Germany The invention of the printing press
36	"Gutenberg’s printing press made Luther’s..." Gutenberg’s printing press made Luther’s works available to the masses Luther’s ideas fell on eager ears across Europe
37	"Others Followed Luther’s Example All..." Others Followed Luther’s Example All Across Europe The Scandinavian countries broke with Rome and adopted Lutheranism
38	"In 1518 Ulrich Zwingli began..." In 1518 Ulrich Zwingli began the reformation movement in Switzerland, with many of the same issues
39	"In the generation after Luther..." In the generation after Luther and Zwingli the dominating figure of the Reformation was John Calvin He was a French Protestant theologian who fled religious persecution in his native country
40	"In Scotland," In Scotland, John Knox, an ardent disciple of Calvin, established Calvinism as the national religion of Scotland
41	"The declared aim of the..." The declared aim of the original reformers was to restore the Christian faith as it had been at its beginning Stripping away things there were corruptions While keeping what they thought valuable from the Roman Catholic tradition
42	"The later radical reformers would..." The later radical reformers would see this second aspect as a mistake They would move to remove the last vestiges of ‘papism’
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46	"Europe," Europe, once unified under the Catholic Church, had shattered into pieces In the coming years, these pieces would in turn shatter again and again The result would be literally hundreds of protestant denominations
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48	Emergence of Denominations
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50	Reformation Beliefs
51	"The Four Major Emphases of..." The Four Major Emphases of the Reformation The Grace of God Faith Scripture Priesthood of All Believers These are sometimes called the ‘solas’
52	"God’s Grace" God’s Grace “Sola Gratia” “By grace alone” God’s love for us is freely given, not earned Our relationship with God is based on God’s gracious action on our behalf
53	"Faith" Faith “Sola Fide” Also know as “Justification by Faith” Our relationship with God is based on faith, not on what we do, or what we are, or what we can buy
54	"Scripture" Scripture “Sola Scriptura” The Bible is the final authority in matters of faith, not a person or a group of people Where there is a disagreement as to what is correct belief or correct living, that debate is settled by referring to the Bible
55	"The Priesthood of All Believers" The Priesthood of All Believers Every person has direct access to God We do not have to go through anyone - pope, the Virgin, saints, priests In prayer we speak directly to God
56	"All of These Emphases" All of These Emphases Highlighted the differences between the Roman Catholic Church and the Reformers
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61	"There Are Also Differences" There Are Also Differences Between the Evangelical Tradition of Lutherism And the Reformed Tradition of Presbyterianism
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65	"The Lutheran Church" The Lutheran Church
66	"There are about 63 million..." There are about 63 million Lutherans world wide And about 8 million Lutherans in the U.S.
67	"The Lutheran Church" The Lutheran Church The term ‘Lutheran’ was hated by Luther He originally called his movement The Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession or The Evangelical Church His later followers adopted the name Lutheran in his honor
68	"Major Lutheran Beliefs" Major Lutheran Beliefs The major Lutheran beliefs are the ones we associate with the reformation in general
69	"They affirm the ancient creeds" They affirm the ancient creeds, and The Augsburg Confession
70	"The" The Augsburg Confession The Chief Articles of Faith God Original Sin The Son of God . . .
71	"The" The Augsburg Confession Abuses Corrected Both Kinds of the Sacrament The Marriage of Priests The Mass Confession Distinction of Foods Monastic Vows Ecclesiastical Power
72	"They affirm the traditional emphases..." They affirm the traditional emphases of Luther and the Reformation in general The Solas
73	"They have two sacraments:" They have two sacraments: Baptism and Communion They practice Infant Baptism and Confirmation
74	"Communion" Communion Lutherans accept consubstantiation, not transubstantiation
75	"Baptism was necessary for spiritual..." Baptism was necessary for spiritual regeneration No form was specified Though pouring from a pitcher is common
76	"Lutheranism is a liturgical church" Lutheranism is a liturgical church Services retain the traditional form of the Mass As to the manner of worship, Luther chose to retain altars and vestments
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79	The Presbyterian Church
80	"The Presbyterian Church is distinctive..." The Presbyterian Church is distinctive in two major ways: They adhere to a pattern of religious thought known as Reformed theology also called Calvinism And they have a form of government that stresses the active, representational leadership of both ministers and church members as presbyters
81	"The term Presbyterian is from..." The term Presbyterian is from the Greek presbyteros (“elder”) Church government by elders characterizes the organization of Presbyterian and Reformed churches Both clergy and laity may be elders, and in most Presbyterian churches today, both men and women are elders
82	"Presbyterian church government is often..." Presbyterian church government is often called a “mixed” system of democratic and hierarchical elements This is because the power is balanced between clergy and laity and between congregations and larger governing bodies of the church
83	"Each congregation is governed by..." Each congregation is governed by a ruling body called a session, or consistory, composed of the pastor and the elders, who are elected representatives of the congregation
84	"The power to ordain ministers..." The power to ordain ministers lies in the presbytery, in contrast to Episcopal forms of church government, in which this is done by a bishop Or congregational church government, in which the congregation retains the power of ordination.
85	"Although the theology of Presbyterianism..." Although the theology of Presbyterianism is characterized by diversity today, Calvin's theology serves as a central source This is known as Calvinism
86	"Like Martin Luther," Like Martin Luther, Calvin emphasized the two central doctrines of the Protestant Reformation: The authority of Scripture Justification by grace through faith
87	"Also," Also, like Luther, Calvin reduced the number of Christian sacraments to two Baptism of both infants and adults And the Lord's Supper
88	"Calvin differed from Luther and..." Calvin differed from Luther and other Protestant reformers in his understanding of The nature of the Lord's Supper Church government And the role of the law in Christian life
89	"He stressed the sovereignty of..." He stressed the sovereignty of God And the inability of people to achieve salvation through their own works
90	"A hallmark of Calvinism was..." A hallmark of Calvinism was the idea of Predestination
91	"Predestination" Predestination Calvin defines predestination as "God's eternal decree, by which he compacted with himself what he willed to become of each person. For . . . eternal life is foreordained for some, eternal damnation for others.“
92	"Historically Calvinism received it’s fullest..." Historically Calvinism received it’s fullest expression – after Calvin’s death - in a view summarized by the acronym TULIP
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94	"Historically Methodist Theology took the..." Historically Methodist Theology took the exact opposite view on each of these five points The opposing view was called Armenianism
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97	"Next Week" Next Week The Radical Reformation The Anabaptists Baptists Mennonites, Amish, Quakers